By: Gerald Hawksley,
on 7/20/2016
It's FREE again! Hop along to amazon and get your FREE kindle ebook!
DOCTOR KANGAROO ON AMAZON.COM
DOCTOR KANGAROO ON AMAZON.CO.UK
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By: Monica Gupta,
on 7/2/2016
डाक्टरी सलाह और हमारी मानसिकता ऐसा भी होता है..!! कल एक सहेली को किसी डाक्टर से कुछ सलाह लेनी थी सो मैने एक बहुत ही काबिल और अनुभवी डाक्टर का पता बता दिया. आज मैनें ही फोन करके पूछा कि डाक्टर साहब के कैसा रहा ? इस पर वो बोली कुछ खास अच्छा नही रहा. […]
The post डाक्टरी सलाह और हमारी मानसिकता appeared first on Monica Gupta.
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By: Petrina Case,
on 4/30/2016
By: Monica Gupta,
on 3/13/2015
आप का ग्राफ … कभी बढ तो कभी घट रहा है एक पल दिल मे आता है कि आप पार्टी से दूर हो जाओ पर फिर कही उम्मीद की किरण नजर आती है
The post cartoon AAP doctor appeared first on Monica Gupta.
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By: Catherine Fehre,
on 1/2/2015
The country has long had too many specialists and subspecialists, so the common wisdom holds. And, the common wisdom continues, the fault lies with the residency system, which overemphasizes specialty medicine and devalues primary care, in flagrant disregard of the nation’s needs.
It was not always that way. Before World War II, medical education practiced birth control with regard to the production of specialists. Roughly 80% of doctors were general practitioners, only 20% specialists. This was because the number of residency positions (which provided the path to specialization) was strictly limited. The overwhelming majority of medical graduates had to take rotating internships, which led to careers in general practice.
After World War II, the growth of specialty medicine could not be contained. The limit on residency positions was removed; residency positions became available to all who wanted them. Hospitals needed more and more residents, as specialty medicine grew and medical care became more technologically complex and scientifically sophisticated. Most medical students were drawn to the specialties, which they found more intellectually exciting and professionally fulfilling than general practice (which in the 1970s became called primary care). The satisfaction of feeling they were in command of their area of practice as an additional draw, as was greater social prestige and higher incomes. By 1960, over 80% of students were choosing careers in specialty medicine — a figure that has not changed through the present.
The transformation of residency training from a privilege to a right embodied the virtues of a democratic free enterprise system, where individuals were free to choose their own careers. In medicine, there were now no restrictions on professional opportunities. Individual hospitals and residency programs sought residents on the basis of their particular service needs and educational interests, while students sought the field that interested them the most. The result was that specialty and subspecialty medicine emerged triumphant, while primary care languished, even after the development of family practice residencies converted primary care into its own specialty.
This situation poses a perplexing dilemma for the residency system. More and more doubts have surfaced about whether graduate medical education is producing the types of doctors the country needed. No one doubts that having well-trained specialists is critically important to the nation’s welfare, but fear that graduate medical education has overshot the mark. Ironically, no one knows for sure what the proper mix of specialists and generalists should be. A popular consensus is a 50-50 mix, but that is purely a guess. One thing is clear, however: The sum of individual decisions is not meeting perceived public needs.
At the root of the problem is that fundamental American values conflict with each other. On the one hand, the ascendance of specialty practice service serves as a testimony to the power of American individualism and personal liberty. Hospitals and medical students make decisions on the basis of their own interests, desires, and preferences, not on the basis of national needs. The result is the proliferation of specialty practice to the detriment of primary care. This situation occurs only in the United States, for the rest of the Western world makes centralized decisions to match specialty training with perceived workforce needs. Medical students in other countries are not guaranteed residency positions in a specialty of their choice, or even a specialty residency in the first place.
On the other hand, by not producing the types of doctors the country is thought to need, there is growing concern that graduate medical education is not serving the national interests. This would be a problem for any profession, given the fact that a profession is accountable to the society that supports it and grants it autonomy for the conduct of its work. This poses an especially thorny dilemma for medicine, in view of the large amounts of public money graduate medical education receives. Some medical educators worry that if the profession itself cannot achieve a specialty mix more satisfactory to the public, others will do it for them. Various strategies have been tried — for instance, loan forgiveness or higher compensation for those willing to work in primary care. However, none of these strategies have succeeded — in part because of the professional lure of the specialties, and because of the traditional American reluctance to restrict an individual’s right to make his own career decisions. Thus, the dilemma continues.
Headline image credit: Hospital at Scutari, 1856. Public domain via Wikimedia Commons.
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By: Petrina Case,
on 11/3/2014
By: BobOstrom,
on 4/9/2014
Doctor Cartoon – By Bob Ostrom Studio
I was just thinking… What the fill in the blank questions on the SATs looked like this?
(Feel free to answer in the comments section. You will receive your test scores in the mail in about 3 weeks)
The post What is the SATs looked like this? appeared first on Illustration.
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By: Alice,
on 1/23/2012
Source: National Library of Medicine
Blackwell was born to a wealthy and progressive-minded English family that moved to the United States in the 1830s, when she was around ten. She became a teacher, though that profession did not engage her. One day, a dying friend told her that she might have endured her disease better if she had been attended by a female physician. The conversation planted the idea of becoming a doctor in Blackwell’s mind.
She received some rudimentary training in medicine in the home of a local physician and began applying to medical school. Geneva accepted her, in part because the student body — to whom the question of her admission had been put — treated the idea of a female medical student as a joke. Blackwell faced the hostility of some teachers, students, and townspeople, though she eventually disarmed critics with her dedication and seriousness.
Prejudice made it difficult for Blackwell to establish a practice after her graduation. In 1853, she opened a clinic for women in New York City. She was eventually joined by her sister Emily and by Marie E. Zakrzewska, both of whom she had encouraged to earn medical degrees. The clinic grew and in 1857 was renamed the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. Eleven years later, Blackwell opened the Woman’s Medical College associated with the infirmary. In 1869, she returned to England, where she lived and worked for the rest of her life.
“This Day in World History” is brought to you by USA Higher Education.
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By: nicole,
on 7/7/2011
here is my contribution to this week's i.f. theme of "remedy". i thought it was pretty perfect.
i did this last august for my amazing neurosurgeon who saved my life...not once, but twice with two cervical spine/neck sugeries this past august and october. if it wasn't for him, i wouldn't be able to create any works of art at all due to the nerve damage suffered from a very large disk pressing on my spinal cord at a very precarious level of the cervical spine. in turn, leaving my right hand...my "magic" hand, practically numb.
while i am still in the process of healing completely, i owe this man my life! truly the best "remedy" ever!:)
By: Susan Kuklin,
on 10/29/2009
In keeping with this month’s theme – using our books in the classroom – I’d like to share experiences about talking up/talking down to kids in publishing and the classroom.
When the question of age appropriateness arose on our new Web site, http://www.inkthinktank.com/, I wish I had listed a broader age range. Some of you already have and hats of to ya! Material that is strong and fun and well presented is manna from heaven to a creative teacher. Kids, young and old, are savvy creatures who can handle big vocabulary and big ideas.
Step back: For years I’ve been trying to capture the voices of the participants who rule my subjects. Early on, in a book for young children called When I See My Doctor, I included the words “stethoscope,” “otoscope,” “sphygmomanometer,” and “hemoglobinmeter.” The copy editor wanted these words deleted because they were too difficult for kindergarten-age children. But four-year-old Thomas, the subject of the book, learned them from his doctor and shouted them proudly into my tape recorder.
It was a bit nerve wracking to argue with an editor because I was new to the field, didn’t have kids, and never studied early childhood education. But I trusted Thomas, my subject. Later, at school visits, children called out the words, teachers beamed, and I felt vindicated. Sophisticated language, one teacher said, encouraged the children to be students.
Jump to now: A few weeks ago I had the pleasure of doing a presentation with Marilyn Nelson, the poet whose picture book I recently illustrated. I had invited her to watch me shoot her book, using students from the Dance Theatre of Harlem as my models, but scheduling didn’t quite work out. Now that the book is published, we were asked to appear together in front of a large group of students. I was anxious. How would a classroom filled with both boys and girls react to my gals in tutus? What helped the most was the teacher. She greeted me with an enthusiastic bear hug and a huge – I mean huge – smile. That alleviated trepidations until I saw the kids. The first to arrive were the boys – big, boisterous boys who spread out in the front rows. Gulp! This is a book about ballerinas for goodness sake! Too late now to back out. Besides Marilyn had just arrived looking fabulous. There were more hugs as Marilyn whispered, “How shall we do this?” If she didn’t know we were in deep do-do land.
“You go first.”
“No, you go first.”
“No, you go first.”
Marilyn, the AUTHOR, went first. She described how and why she wrote the poem and revealed a few literary secrets, such as a riff on Yeats. [“Beautiful ballerina, you are the dance.”] She read her poem to a rapt audience and talked a little more.
My turn! Following Marilyn Nelson may have been a mistake. But I have a few secrets of my own, ones that surprisingly complimented her poetic structure. Showing photographs, I pointed out my secrets, historic balletic points of reference. There’s an homage to Swan Lake, to Degas, and to George Balanchine.
[The photograph above is a typical Balanchine shape.] There were no giggles, squirms or snickers from the audience. Instead, there were great questions and a very happy teacher. Oh, did I tell you who made up the audience for our picture book? Students at the University of Connecticut.
What experiences have you had, dear teachers, librarians, and colleagues, breaking the "age appropriate" barrier?
Jete’ to future: The next visit will be with third graders. I will not change one word in my presentation.
By: Rebecca,
on 9/14/2009
Robert Veatch is Professor of Medical Ethics at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University. He received the career distinguished achievement award from Georgetown University in 2005 and has received honorary doctorates from Creighton and Union College. His new book, Patient, Heal Thyself: How the “New Medicine” Puts the Patient in Charge, he sheds light on a fundamental change sweeping through the American health care system, a change that puts the patient in charge of treatment to an unprecedented extent. In the original article below, Veatch looks at how the empowerment effected Michael Jackson’s medical decisions and the responsibility of his doctor.
Dr. Conrad Murray is the doctor who apparently administered a fatal dose of the anesthetic, propofol, to Michael Jackson in a desperate attempt to respond to his cries for help in getting some sleep. He has received rough treatment from the media. Jackson’s death has been ruled a homicide and the media are reporting that he will be charged with manslaughter. I think that judgment is too quick and want to come to the doctor’s defense.
The case is, of course, being tried in the press before we have all the details, but the likely scenario is emerging. Making some plausible assumptions, I think a case can be made for the doctor’s decisions. Let me assume, for purposes of discussion, that the doctor did not intend to kill Michael (He was reportedly being 
paid $150,000 a month to be Michael’s full time physician. Even if he had completely abandoned his duty to serve the patient, he would be a fool to intend the death.) Let me assume that the lethal effects were foreseeable, but not inevitable side effects of a very potent drug. Let me also assume that Michael had been informed by Dr. Murray how dangerous the drug was and how unusual it was to use it for this purpose. Possibly, he had even told Michael that the drug’s labeling did not include the use of propofol outside of a hospital and that almost all physicians would refuse to use it this way.
With these assumptions, a prosecutor will have a difficult time accusing the doctor of a crime. It is not even clear to me that “homicide” is the right term for the death. First, it is important to realize that “off-label” uses of drugs by doctors is not illegal. It is done all the time when a physician becomes convinced that it in the patient’s interest. Second, it is critical to understand that medical choices about what is in a patient’s interest are directly dependent on the patient’s goals and values. They cannot simply be read out of a textbook as if medical science can prove what is in a particular patient’s interest. (Think about whether aggressive chemotherapy is in a terminal cancer patient’s interest or whether an abortion is in the interest of a pregnant woman.) The patient’s interest is necessarily a subjective matter about which only the patient can have direct knowledge.
It seems clear that Michael was in the advanced stages of insomnia and was in excruciating agony from persistent lack of sleep. That is an awful situation about which patients often have to make desperate choices. None of us can know what was in Michael’s head that caused the insomnia or led him to plea for pharmacological intervention. We do know that other drugs had been used even that fateful night (benzodiazepines that are often used to reduce anxiety and induce sleep). These other drugs had failed to solve the problem and made the use of the propofol even more dangerous, something Dr. Murray surely knew and presumably had told Michael.
Now the question for Dr. Murray and for Michael Jackson is, given his desperate situation, is the only drug that will give him some sleep worth the very great risk of side effects, even death? Surely, for most of us the answer would be negative, but that doesn’t mean it was Michael’s answer. Given that he had apparently received the drug many previous times without side effects, I don’t see how we can claim that Michael would be wrong to decide that the risk would be worth it in his case. Deciding whether the drug is “worth it” is a value judgment, not a scientific fact that the doctor can look up in a book. Even if almost everyone else would have decided not to try the desperate off-label use, I don’t know how we can say Michael’s gamble was wrong for him.
But, you might say, even if Michael’s judgment was understandable, surely Dr. Murray was wrong to go along with his patient’s demand. Surely, other physicians would not have agreed. A physician is supposed to be a responsible professional who has the right not to go along with a patient’s very unusual and risky demand. Most physicians would have refused to provide the propofol (at least outside of a hospital) and that is understandable, but this does not prove that Michael’s value judgment about the risk was wrong or that Dr. Murray was wrong to comply. Some medical issues are appropriately judged by what is called a “standard of care.” The correctness of the physician’s behavior is judged by what his colleagues similarly situated would have done. This, however, is not a decision that should be judged by that standard. If it is possible that Michael had made a rationally defensible decision that the risk was worth it for him, then a physician is within his rights to decide to cooperate in a legal behavior if he so chooses. He surely would have had the right not to provide the dangerous drug for off-label use, but he also has the right to decide it is a tolerable risk. If he does so after the patient is adequately informed, I don’t see how we can fault him assuming that the lethal effect was not intended.
This turns out to be crucial for the rest of us if we are to get high-quality, rational medical care. We have for many years recognized that most powerful, valuable drugs have anticipated side effects. If we choose to take the risk and the side effect occurs, we don’t say that the choice was a mistake. If the side effect is death, we don’t say it was a homicide. Provided the intended beneficial effects are good enough, we say that the side effect is tolerable even if it is foreseen. That, in fact, is precisely the justification for doctors’ use of narcotics to control severe pain in cancer patients even though they know that the side effect can be respiratory depression and even death. Most ethical systems have long acknowledged that such “unintended, but foreseen” deaths are tolerable. Normally, such a death is not deemed a “homicide.” Just may be, if we put ourselves in Michael’s shoes and plug in the value judgments he made, we can understand why Dr. Murray, apparently with great reluctance, was willing to go along. I can’t fault him if that was what he did.
Image via Wikipedia
What do a wheel rut, a flash of lightning and a dining table have in common?
Medical Terminology. Ever think about how a doctor in New York can speak to a doctor in Japan about medical matters. They use the same medical words. I found this fascinating, and hope you will, as well.
I’m also a Jeopardy fan. For those of you unfamiliar with this TV format, a contestant is presented with the answer, and must deliver the definition to win a prize.
So…..here it is. It’s a medical jeopardy. Here are 127 questions.
If you’re in the medical or health care field, chances are you’ll have no trouble with most of these, The object here is to present to you the oddities of linguistic evolution.
WARNING: DO NOT USE THE MATIERIAL IN THIS ARTICLE AS PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIAL (although you might be tempted). This is simply because much of what is known about language derivatives is assumed - not fact.*
Answers are presented on the last page.
1. FINE POWDER: from the Arabic “al” (the) and koh l “fine impalpable powder.”
2. RUT MADE BY A WHEEL: From the Latin, “orbita.”
3. TO MAKE STICKY: From the Latin, “viscare.”
4. PERTAINING TO THE FORUM: From the Latin “forum.”
5. CAUSE OF DWARFISM: Long bones do not grow. From Greek “a” absence, “chondrus” (cartilage) and “plassein” (to form).
6. BULK OR MASS; From the Greek, “ongkos.”
7. TO INCREASE: From the Indo-European, “aweg.”
8. INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN: from the Greek “an” (without) and algesis (sense of
pain).
9. KNOT or KNOB: From the Latin, “nodus.”
10. AN AIR DUCT: From the Greek “aer” (air) and “tereo” (I keep).
11. NOSE or SNOUT: From the Greek, “mukter.”
12. A SHEPHERD’S PIPE: From the Greek, “syringx.”
13. DULL TO PERCEPTION: from the Indo-European root, “dheubh,”
14. ONE-HALF OF THE SKULL: From the Latin, “hemicrania.”
15. LIKE A STRAIGHT SWORD: From the Greek, “xiphos.”
16. TO BLOCK or PLUG: From the Latin, “obsterix.”
17. TO BOIL OUT: From the Greek, “ek-“ (out) and “zeein” (to boil).
18. CRECENT-SHAPED: From the Greek, “meniskos.”
19. A PRICK OR PUNCTURE BY A NEEDLE: from the Latin “acus” (needle) and
“punctum” puncture.
20. FLASH OF LIGHTNING: From the Latin, “fulgor.”
21. BREAST-LIKE: From the Greek, “mastos” and “eidos.”
22. THORN or PRICKLY BUSH: From the Latin, “spina.”
23. PRODUCE OR BRING FORTH: From the Greek, “gennao.”
24. ONE WHO HEALS: From the Anglo-Saxon, “laece.”
25. DRY, ACRID: From the Indo-European, “ters.”
26. TRANSPARANT STONE or CRYSTAL: From the Greek, “hyalos.”
27. CHEW: From the Anglos-Saxon, “ceowan.” (noun)
28. LIGHT GREENISH-YELLOW: From the Latin, “galbinus.”
29. WITHOUT WEIGHT or LIGHT: From the Sanskrit, “ laghu.:”
30. A CUTTING UP: from the Greek “ana” (up or through) and “tome” (a cutting).
31. GATEKEEPER: From the Greek, pyle.”
32. A COVERLET or CLOAK: From the Latin, “pallium.”
33. MINT: From the Latin, “menthe.”
34. WITHOUT A NAME: From the Latin, “innominatus.”
35. A DINING TABLE: From the Greek, “trapeze.”
36. CENTER OF WHEEL HUB: From the Anglo-Saxon, “ nafe.”
37. A TRENCH OR ABYSS: From the Old English, “grynde.”
38. AN OFFSHOOT: from the Greek “apo” (from) and “physis” (growth).
39. ATTACK or INJURY: From the Latin, “laesia.”
40. SERVICE or ATTENDANCE: From the Greek, “therapeia.”
41. BELONGING TO A WALL: From the Latin, “parietalis.”
42. SEEING FOR ONESELF: from the Greek “auto” and “opsis” (seeing).
43. JUICE, SAP, RESIN OR GUM OF A TREE: From the Greek, “opos.”
44. SILVERY SWELLING: From the Greek, “glaukos” and “oma.”
45. TO STRETCH: From the Greek , “teinein.”
46. TO DISGRACE, TO FALL SHORT OF: from the Latin “degenerare.”
47. PIMPLE: From the Greek, “pomphos.”
48. A NUT OR ACORN: From the Latin. “glandulus.”
49. TO SCRAPE OR SCRATCH: From the Latin, “radere.”
50. LARGE STONE IN FRONT OF DOOR TO KEEP IT SHUT:
From the Greek, “thyreos.”
51. FLAME OR HEAT: From the Greek, “phlegma.”
52. PAUNCH or BELLY: From the Greek, “gaster.”
53. FUNNEL: From the Latin, “infundere.”
54. YOKE CONNECTING TWO ANIMALS: From the Greek, “zygon.”
55. TO PLEASE: From the Latin, “placere.”
56. TO BEND OR TURN: From the Latin, “flectere.”
57. EARTH OR LAND: From the Latin, “humus.”
58. HEALING OINTMENT: From the Anglo-Saxon, “sealf.”
59. TO SEND FLUID IN: From the Greek, “en” (in) and “ienai” (to send).
60. TO DYE, STAIN, CORRUPT or BOIL: From the Latin, “inficere.”
61. A PRUNING: from the Latin “amputatio.”
62. WORKING WITH THE HANDS: From the Greek, “ cheirourgia.”
63. A FLOWING SEED: From the Greek, :”gone” and “rheos.”
64. RELATING TO THE SPHINX
65. HOLY or CONSECRATED: From the Latin, “Sacer.”
66. TWELVE FINGERS: from the Greek, “dodek-daktulon.
67. STIFF or STRONG: From the Anglo-Saxon, “stark.”
68. A COCK’S SPUR: From the old French, “argot” (rye plant infected by fungus.”
69. AFFLICTED WITH SPOTS: From the Old High German, “masa” and
Middle English, “mesel.”
70. TO BE ASHAMED: From the Latin, “pudere.”
71. TO WIND OR CURVE: From the Latin, “sinuare.”
72. A CIRCULAR OR FLAT STONE: From the Greek, “discos.”
73. PAIR OF FOLDING or DOUBLE DOORS: From the Latin, “valvae.”
74. A TURBAN: From the Latin, “mitra.”
75. LACK OF NOURISHMENT: from the Greek “a-“ (without) and trophe
(nourishment).
76. FORTY: From the Latin, “quadraginta.”
77. MASS OF MOLTEN IRON: From the Latin, “strictura.”
78. A STING OR ITCH: From the Latin, “urtica.”
79. TO TEACH: from the Latin, “docere.”
80. TO SWELL or RIPEN: From the Greek, “ orgainein.”
81. TO TAKE AWAY COLOR: From the Old French, “desteindre.”
82. WITHOUT PULSE: from the Greek “a” (without) and “sphyxis” (pulse).
83. CORRUPT MATTER: From the Greek, “Pyon.”
84. LIE ON OR BROOD: From the Latin, “incubare.”
85. LOVE, HONOR, DESIRE: From the Sanskrit, “wan” and “van.”
86. MORE, SHIFT, CHANGE or ALTER: From the Latin, “mutare.”
87. TO APPRAISE: From the Latin, “taxare.”
88. OPEN SPACE, COURTYARD OR PARK: From the Latin “area.”
89. POUCH: From the Norman French, “poque.”
90. A TAILOR: From the Latin, “sartor.”
91. WALKING HOSPITAL: from the French “hopital ambulant.”
92. BARK OF A TREE: From the Peruvian Indian, “kina.”
93. LITTLE BEAK: From the Anglo-Saxon, “nib.”
94. TO WEAVE: From the Latin,”textere.”
95. BOWL or SHELL: From the Nordic, “Skal.”
96. RUPTURE or HERNIA: From the Greek, “kele.”
97. TO ROLL OR TURN AROUND: From the Latin, “volvere.”
98. A BLOW OR STROKE: From the Latin, “ plege.”
99. SORE THROAT: from the Latin “angere” (to choke or throttle).
100. LITTLE BALL: From the Latin, “pilula.”
101. POUCH OF LEATHER: From the Latin, “scorteus.”
102. WHORL, EDDY or TORNADO: From the Latin, “Turbo.”
103. CLEAR WATER: From the Latin, “lympha.”
104. LITTLE NET: From the Latin, “rete.”
105 ANYTHING SCOOPED OUT: From the Greek, “skaphe.”
106. ROUGH: From the Greek, “traxus.”
107. LOSS OF MEMORY: from the Greek “a” (without) and “mensis” (memory).
108. A SQUEAKING: From the Greek, “trismos.”
109. A COOKING: From the Latin, “pepsis.”
110. UNCUT or INDIVISIBLE: from the Greek “a-“ (without) and “temnein” (to cut).
111. PEAR-SHAPED: From the Latin, “pirum” and “forma.”
112. A HOOK: From the Latin,”uncus.”
113. DIFFERENT WORK: from the Greek “allo” (other or different) and “ergon (work).
114. SEAT OF REASON OR PASSION: From the Greek, “phren.”
115. TO WRING OUT: From the Old French,”expraindre.”
116. A FOOTPRINT: From the Latin, “vestigium.”
117. BLADDER or BAG: From the Latin, “vesiculum.”
118. SMALL ENDOCRINE GLANDS ON KIDNEYS: from the Latin “ad” (toward) and
“renes” kidneys.
119. A POUNDER: From the Latin, “pistillum.”
120. TO ACCUSTOM: From the Anglo-Saxon, “wenian.”
121. TUB or TROUGH: From the Greek, “pyelos.”
122. ARTICULATION OF ULNA AND HUMERUS: A punster’s definition.
123. PERTAINING TO NATURAL LAW: From the Greek, “physikos.”
124. THE TASTE OF ACID: from the Latin “acidus” (sour, tart).
125: A PUSH OR IMPULSE: From the Greek, “osmos.”
126. SPROUT, BUD or OFFSHOOT: From the Latin, “germen.”
127. A COW: From the Latin, “vacca.”
*Thanks to:
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary , 26th Edition
Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 24th Edition
Gray’s Anatomy (any library edition).
The Language of Medicine, 4th edition, Davi-Ellen Chabner
Medical Meanings, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984
—————————————————————————————————————-
1. Alcohol2. Orbit
3. Viscus
4. Forensic
5. Achondroplasia
6. Oncology
7. Waist
8. Analgesia
9. Node
10. Artery
11. Mucus
12. Syringe
13. Deaf
14. Migraine
15. Xyphoid
16. Obstetrics
17. Eczema
18. Meniscus
19. Acupuncture
20. Fulguration
21. Mastoid
22. Spine
23. Gene
24. Leech
25. Thirst
26. Hyaline
27. Jaw.
28. Jaundice
29. Lung
30. Anatomy
31. Pylorus
32. Palliate
33. Menthol
34. Innominate
35. Trapezius
36. Navel
37. Gum
38. Apophysis
39. Lesion
40. Therapy
41. Parietal
42. Autopsy
43. Opium
44. Glaucoma
45. Tendon
46. Degenerate
47. Papule
48. Gland
49. Rash
50. Thyroid
51.Phlegm
52. Gastric
53. Infindibulum.
54. Zygomatic
55. Placebo
56. Flex
57.. Human
58. Salve
59. Enema
60. Inflammation.
61. Amputation
62. Surgery
63. Gonorrhea
64. Sphincter (interesting story)
65. Sacrum
66. Duodenum
67. Starch
68. Ergot
69. Measles
70. Pudenda
71. Sinus
72. Disc
73. Valve
74. Mitral
75. Atrophy
76. Quarantine
77. Stricture
78. Urticaria.
79. Doctor
80. Orgasm
81. Stain
82. Asphyxia
83. Pus
84. Incubate
85. Venereal/Venus
86. Mutate
87. Taste
88. Areola
89. Pox
90. Sartorius
97. Ambulance
92. Quinine
93. Nipple
94. Tissue
95. Skull.
96. Keloid.
97. Vulva
98. Plague
99. Angina
100. Pill
101. Scrotum
102. Turbinate.
103. Lymph
104. Reticulum
105. Scaphoid
106. Trachea
107. Amnesia
108. Trismus
109. Pepsin
110. Atom
111. Piriform
112. Uncinate/unciform
113. Allergy
114. Phrenic
115. Sprain
116. Vestige
117. Vesicle
118. Adrenal
119. Pestle
120. Wean
121. Pelvis
122. Funny Bone (gotcha!)
123. Physician/physics
124. Acrid
125. Osmosis
126. Germ
127. Vaccine
Image via Wikipedia
What do a wheel rut, a flash of lightning and a dining table have in common?
Medical Terminology. Ever think about how a doctor in New York can speak to a doctor in Japan about medical matters. They use the same medical words. I found this fascinating, and hope you will, as well.
I’m also a Jeopardy fan. For those of you unfamiliar with this TV format, a contestant is presented with the answer, and must deliver the definition to win a prize.
So…..here it is. It’s a medical jeopardy. Here are 127 questions.
If you’re in the medical or health care field, chances are you’ll have no trouble with most of these, The object here is to present to you the oddities of linguistic evolution.
WARNING: DO NOT USE THE MATIERIAL IN THIS ARTICLE AS PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIAL (although you might be tempted). This is simply because much of what is known about language derivatives is assumed - not fact.*
Answers are presented on the last page.
1. FINE POWDER: from the Arabic “al” (the) and koh l “fine impalpable powder.”
2. RUT MADE BY A WHEEL: From the Latin, “orbita.”
3. TO MAKE STICKY: From the Latin, “viscare.”
4. PERTAINING TO THE FORUM: From the Latin “forum.”
5. CAUSE OF DWARFISM: Long bones do not grow. From Greek “a” absence, “chondrus” (cartilage) and “plassein” (to form).
6. BULK OR MASS; From the Greek, “ongkos.”
7. TO INCREASE: From the Indo-European, “aweg.”
8. INSENSITIVITY TO PAIN: from the Greek “an” (without) and algesis (sense of
pain).
9. KNOT or KNOB: From the Latin, “nodus.”
10. AN AIR DUCT: From the Greek “aer” (air) and “tereo” (I keep).
11. NOSE or SNOUT: From the Greek, “mukter.”
12. A SHEPHERD’S PIPE: From the Greek, “syringx.”
13. DULL TO PERCEPTION: from the Indo-European root, “dheubh,”
14. ONE-HALF OF THE SKULL: From the Latin, “hemicrania.”
15. LIKE A STRAIGHT SWORD: From the Greek, “xiphos.”
16. TO BLOCK or PLUG: From the Latin, “obsterix.”
17. TO BOIL OUT: From the Greek, “ek-“ (out) and “zeein” (to boil).
18. CRECENT-SHAPED: From the Greek, “meniskos.”
19. A PRICK OR PUNCTURE BY A NEEDLE: from the Latin “acus” (needle) and
“punctum” puncture.
20. FLASH OF LIGHTNING: From the Latin, “fulgor.”
21. BREAST-LIKE: From the Greek, “mastos” and “eidos.”
22. THORN or PRICKLY BUSH: From the Latin, “spina.”
23. PRODUCE OR BRING FORTH: From the Greek, “gennao.”
24. ONE WHO HEALS: From the Anglo-Saxon, “laece.”
25. DRY, ACRID: From the Indo-European, “ters.”
26. TRANSPARANT STONE or CRYSTAL: From the Greek, “hyalos.”
27. CHEW: From the Anglos-Saxon, “ceowan.” (noun)
28. LIGHT GREENISH-YELLOW: From the Latin, “galbinus.”
29. WITHOUT WEIGHT or LIGHT: From the Sanskrit, “ laghu.:”
30. A CUTTING UP: from the Greek “ana” (up or through) and “tome” (a cutting).
31. GATEKEEPER: From the Greek, pyle.”
32. A COVERLET or CLOAK: From the Latin, “pallium.”
33. MINT: From the Latin, “menthe.”
34. WITHOUT A NAME: From the Latin, “innominatus.”
35. A DINING TABLE: From the Greek, “trapeze.”
36. CENTER OF WHEEL HUB: From the Anglo-Saxon, “ nafe.”
37. A TRENCH OR ABYSS: From the Old English, “grynde.”
38. AN OFFSHOOT: from the Greek “apo” (from) and “physis” (growth).
39. ATTACK or INJURY: From the Latin, “laesia.”
40. SERVICE or ATTENDANCE: From the Greek, “therapeia.”
41. BELONGING TO A WALL: From the Latin, “parietalis.”
42. SEEING FOR ONESELF: from the Greek “auto” and “opsis” (seeing).
43. JUICE, SAP, RESIN OR GUM OF A TREE: From the Greek, “opos.”
44. SILVERY SWELLING: From the Greek, “glaukos” and “oma.”
45. TO STRETCH: From the Greek , “teinein.”
46. TO DISGRACE, TO FALL SHORT OF: from the Latin “degenerare.”
47. PIMPLE: From the Greek, “pomphos.”
48. A NUT OR ACORN: From the Latin. “glandulus.”
49. TO SCRAPE OR SCRATCH: From the Latin, “radere.”
50. LARGE STONE IN FRONT OF DOOR TO KEEP IT SHUT:
From the Greek, “thyreos.”
51. FLAME OR HEAT: From the Greek, “phlegma.”
52. PAUNCH or BELLY: From the Greek, “gaster.”
53. FUNNEL: From the Latin, “infundere.”
54. YOKE CONNECTING TWO ANIMALS: From the Greek, “zygon.”
55. TO PLEASE: From the Latin, “placere.”
56. TO BEND OR TURN: From the Latin, “flectere.”
57. EARTH OR LAND: From the Latin, “humus.”
58. HEALING OINTMENT: From the Anglo-Saxon, “sealf.”
59. TO SEND FLUID IN: From the Greek, “en” (in) and “ienai” (to send).
60. TO DYE, STAIN, CORRUPT or BOIL: From the Latin, “inficere.”
61. A PRUNING: from the Latin “amputatio.”
62. WORKING WITH THE HANDS: From the Greek, “ cheirourgia.”
63. A FLOWING SEED: From the Greek, :”gone” and “rheos.”
64. RELATING TO THE SPHINX
65. HOLY or CONSECRATED: From the Latin, “Sacer.”
66. TWELVE FINGERS: from the Greek, “dodek-daktulon.
67. STIFF or STRONG: From the Anglo-Saxon, “stark.”
68. A COCK’S SPUR: From the old French, “argot” (rye plant infected by fungus.”
69. AFFLICTED WITH SPOTS: From the Old High German, “masa” and
Middle English, “mesel.”
70. TO BE ASHAMED: From the Latin, “pudere.”
71. TO WIND OR CURVE: From the Latin, “sinuare.”
72. A CIRCULAR OR FLAT STONE: From the Greek, “discos.”
73. PAIR OF FOLDING or DOUBLE DOORS: From the Latin, “valvae.”
74. A TURBAN: From the Latin, “mitra.”
75. LACK OF NOURISHMENT: from the Greek “a-“ (without) and trophe
(nourishment).
76. FORTY: From the Latin, “quadraginta.”
77. MASS OF MOLTEN IRON: From the Latin, “strictura.”
78. A STING OR ITCH: From the Latin, “urtica.”
79. TO TEACH: from the Latin, “docere.”
80. TO SWELL or RIPEN: From the Greek, “ orgainein.”
81. TO TAKE AWAY COLOR: From the Old French, “desteindre.”
82. WITHOUT PULSE: from the Greek “a” (without) and “sphyxis” (pulse).
83. CORRUPT MATTER: From the Greek, “Pyon.”
84. LIE ON OR BROOD: From the Latin, “incubare.”
85. LOVE, HONOR, DESIRE: From the Sanskrit, “wan” and “van.”
86. MORE, SHIFT, CHANGE or ALTER: From the Latin, “mutare.”
87. TO APPRAISE: From the Latin, “taxare.”
88. OPEN SPACE, COURTYARD OR PARK: From the Latin “area.”
89. POUCH: From the Norman French, “poque.”
90. A TAILOR: From the Latin, “sartor.”
91. WALKING HOSPITAL: from the French “hopital ambulant.”
92. BARK OF A TREE: From the Peruvian Indian, “kina.”
93. LITTLE BEAK: From the Anglo-Saxon, “nib.”
94. TO WEAVE: From the Latin,”textere.”
95. BOWL or SHELL: From the Nordic, “Skal.”
96. RUPTURE or HERNIA: From the Greek, “kele.”
97. TO ROLL OR TURN AROUND: From the Latin, “volvere.”
98. A BLOW OR STROKE: From the Latin, “ plege.”
99. SORE THROAT: from the Latin “angere” (to choke or throttle).
100. LITTLE BALL: From the Latin, “pilula.”
101. POUCH OF LEATHER: From the Latin, “scorteus.”
102. WHORL, EDDY or TORNADO: From the Latin, “Turbo.”
103. CLEAR WATER: From the Latin, “lympha.”
104. LITTLE NET: From the Latin, “rete.”
105 ANYTHING SCOOPED OUT: From the Greek, “skaphe.”
106. ROUGH: From the Greek, “traxus.”
107. LOSS OF MEMORY: from the Greek “a” (without) and “mensis” (memory).
108. A SQUEAKING: From the Greek, “trismos.”
109. A COOKING: From the Latin, “pepsis.”
110. UNCUT or INDIVISIBLE: from the Greek “a-“ (without) and “temnein” (to cut).
111. PEAR-SHAPED: From the Latin, “pirum” and “forma.”
112. A HOOK: From the Latin,”uncus.”
113. DIFFERENT WORK: from the Greek “allo” (other or different) and “ergon (work).
114. SEAT OF REASON OR PASSION: From the Greek, “phren.”
115. TO WRING OUT: From the Old French,”expraindre.”
116. A FOOTPRINT: From the Latin, “vestigium.”
117. BLADDER or BAG: From the Latin, “vesiculum.”
118. SMALL ENDOCRINE GLANDS ON KIDNEYS: from the Latin “ad” (toward) and
“renes” kidneys.
119. A POUNDER: From the Latin, “pistillum.”
120. TO ACCUSTOM: From the Anglo-Saxon, “wenian.”
121. TUB or TROUGH: From the Greek, “pyelos.”
122. ARTICULATION OF ULNA AND HUMERUS: A punster’s definition.
123. PERTAINING TO NATURAL LAW: From the Greek, “physikos.”
124. THE TASTE OF ACID: from the Latin “acidus” (sour, tart).
125: A PUSH OR IMPULSE: From the Greek, “osmos.”
126. SPROUT, BUD or OFFSHOOT: From the Latin, “germen.”
127. A COW: From the Latin, “vacca.”
*Thanks to:
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary , 26th Edition
Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 24th Edition
Gray’s Anatomy (any library edition).
The Language of Medicine, 4th edition, Davi-Ellen Chabner
Medical Meanings, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984
—————————————————————————————————————-
1. Alcohol2. Orbit
3. Viscus
4. Forensic
5. Achondroplasia
6. Oncology
7. Waist
8. Analgesia
9. Node
10. Artery
11. Mucus
12. Syringe
13. Deaf
14. Migraine
15. Xyphoid
16. Obstetrics
17. Eczema
18. Meniscus
19. Acupuncture
20. Fulguration
21. Mastoid
22. Spine
23. Gene
24. Leech
25. Thirst
26. Hyaline
27. Jaw.
28. Jaundice
29. Lung
30. Anatomy
31. Pylorus
32. Palliate
33. Menthol
34. Innominate
35. Trapezius
36. Navel
37. Gum
38. Apophysis
39. Lesion
40. Therapy
41. Parietal
42. Autopsy
43. Opium
44. Glaucoma
45. Tendon
46. Degenerate
47. Papule
48. Gland
49. Rash
50. Thyroid
51.Phlegm
52. Gastric
53. Infindibulum.
54. Zygomatic
55. Placebo
56. Flex
57.. Human
58. Salve
59. Enema
60. Inflammation.
61. Amputation
62. Surgery
63. Gonorrhea
64. Sphincter (interesting story)
65. Sacrum
66. Duodenum
67. Starch
68. Ergot
69. Measles
70. Pudenda
71. Sinus
72. Disc
73. Valve
74. Mitral
75. Atrophy
76. Quarantine
77. Stricture
78. Urticaria.
79. Doctor
80. Orgasm
81. Stain
82. Asphyxia
83. Pus
84. Incubate
85. Venereal/Venus
86. Mutate
87. Taste
88. Areola
89. Pox
90. Sartorius
97. Ambulance
92. Quinine
93. Nipple
94. Tissue
95. Skull.
96. Keloid.
97. Vulva
98. Plague
99. Angina
100. Pill
101. Scrotum
102. Turbinate.
103. Lymph
104. Reticulum
105. Scaphoid
106. Trachea
107. Amnesia
108. Trismus
109. Pepsin
110. Atom
111. Piriform
112. Uncinate/unciform
113. Allergy
114. Phrenic
115. Sprain
116. Vestige
117. Vesicle
118. Adrenal
119. Pestle
120. Wean
121. Pelvis
122. Funny Bone (gotcha!)
123. Physician/physics
124. Acrid
125. Osmosis
126. Germ
127. Vaccine
Add a Comment
This is untrue. The Common Cold is a virus that is passed from human to human. It can be spread in hot and cold weather. What is true is that being cold lowers your resistance against viruses, but this doesn’t by any means suggest you will automatically catch a cold from being outside without a cold when it gets a bit nippy.
This is also completely untrue. Believe it or not, there has been studies carried out on this. In a study carried out on 300 “knuckle crackers”, results found no evidence that this leads to arthritis. The strain put on your joints when you crack them are nothing compared to the normal strain put on them during everyday activities. In essence, it doesn’t do any damage at all, its just generally a very annoying habit.
Unfortunately, eating carrots does not give you superhero powers. Just as - i suppose - eating runner beans does not make you an Olympic sprinter (see what i did there…?) Although carrots are rich in vitamin A, which are beneficial to eye sight, once again, there is no evidence at all that it helps see in the dark. This myth was started during WWII. Instead of telling the public that the British Intelligence were using radar, they said that they were eating carrots to help see in the dark. However, eating too many carrots does make you turn orange…. apparently.
Sorry, wrong again! There are so many myths about chewing gum - this is just one of them. As chewing gum contains a laxative, chewing gum may be passed through the body even faster once swallowed than other foods. Although it is not harmful, I still find myself not recommending it. It is only dangerous in abnormal doses, and obviously, if choked on. Other rumours include the idea that chewing gum makes a hole in your stomach. This is - apparently - caused by the acid in your stomach. This is also untrue. Two other rumours are that if you swallow gum, and you fart, you blow your bubble out your backside, and that it makes your guts all stick together. I’ll leave you to make your own informed decisions on those two.
Well this one is a bit vague. Most people will argue that it depends on what you do with the apple. If you throw the apple at any approaching doctors, it should do the trick. However, if you eat it, most scientists would say, not much will happen. However recent studies have shown that eating apples can prevent the risk of breast and colon cancer.
Finally a proven, true fact. Although on the surface, this appears to be another tale told by your gran, crusts contain eight times as many antioxidents as any part of the bread. Interesting eh? So if you are that bothered, eat up your crusts!
“
This one doesn’t even justify me wasting my time explaining why it is so proposterous. So I won’t.
Wrong, Wrong, Wrong! The only people who only use 10% of their brain are the people who made up this myth. In many cases, it is hard to believe that some people are even using 10% of their brain. However, scientifically speaking, this is not true. Hi-tech studies have proven this. What may be true is that only 10% - or a figure around this - would be used at any one time, but all of the brain is used for different things at different times.
No it doesn’t! Although it sounds about right, eating fat has nothing to do with your weight. There are good fats and bad fats. Good fats - monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats lower cholestrol, and actually have been proven to help lose body weight. Bad fats - saturated fats - increase cholestrol levels which can block arteries, higher blood pressure, and even lead to impotence. But it does not increase weight. This is all determined to the amount of energy - in terms of calories (Kcal). Unburned calories are turned into fat (body fat) which then in turn increases weight. Another myth is that high cholestrol is inevitable as you grow older. This is also untrue.
Firstly, and somewhat dully, we have nothing to worry about when it comes to losing your eyes in a sneezing fit. The truth is our eye balls are fixed tightly to our head, and so aren’t likely to go anywhere, regardless. Another reassuring fact for those who are genuinely worried is that a reflex motion in our eyes makes it impossible to sneeze with our eyes open anyway. So thats all cleared up then….
So there you go. 10 myths about life, either proven, or dispelled. Stay tuned for part two of this guide. If there are any myths you would like me to dispel or prove, please leave a comment and I will add it to my next article - “10 common myths about life (Part Two)
Meanwhile check out my other articles -
* * *
Who was the best test batsman of all time? - http://sportales.com/cricket/best-test-batsmen-of-all-time/
Which is the best lottery game to play? Is there any skill involved at all? -
http://quazen.com/games/gambling/which-is-the-best-lottery-game-to-play-is-there-any-skill-at-all-involved/Premier League Statistics. The guide to win every sports pub quiz! - http://sportales.com/soccer/premier-league-statistics-you-never-needed-to-know-and-never-cared-that-existed/
________________________________________________________________________________________
This is untrue. The Common Cold is a virus that is passed from human to human. It can be spread in hot and cold weather. What is true is that being cold lowers your resistance against viruses, but this doesn’t by any means suggest you will automatically catch a cold from being outside without a cold when it gets a bit nippy.
This is also completely untrue. Believe it or not, there has been studies carried out on this. In a study carried out on 300 “knuckle crackers”, results found no evidence that this leads to arthritis. The strain put on your joints when you crack them are nothing compared to the normal strain put on them during everyday activities. In essence, it doesn’t do any damage at all, its just generally a very annoying habit.
Unfortunately, eating carrots does not give you superhero powers. Just as - i suppose - eating runner beans does not make you an Olympic sprinter (see what i did there…?) Although carrots are rich in vitamin A, which are beneficial to eye sight, once again, there is no evidence at all that it helps see in the dark. This myth was started during WWII. Instead of telling the public that the British Intelligence were using radar, they said that they were eating carrots to help see in the dark. However, eating too many carrots does make you turn orange…. apparently.
Sorry, wrong again! There are so many myths about chewing gum - this is just one of them. As chewing gum contains a laxative, chewing gum may be passed through the body even faster once swallowed than other foods. Although it is not harmful, I still find myself not recommending it. It is only dangerous in abnormal doses, and obviously, if choked on. Other rumours include the idea that chewing gum makes a hole in your stomach. This is - apparently - caused by the acid in your stomach. This is also untrue. Two other rumours are that if you swallow gum, and you fart, you blow your bubble out your backside, and that it makes your guts all stick together. I’ll leave you to make your own informed decisions on those two.
Well this one is a bit vague. Most people will argue that it depends on what you do with the apple. If you throw the apple at any approaching doctors, it should do the trick. However, if you eat it, most scientists would say, not much will happen. However recent studies have shown that eating apples can prevent the risk of breast and colon cancer.
Finally a proven, true fact. Although on the surface, this appears to be another tale told by your gran, crusts contain eight times as many antioxidents as any part of the bread. Interesting eh? So if you are that bothered, eat up your crusts!
“
This one doesn’t even justify me wasting my time explaining why it is so proposterous. So I won’t.
Wrong, Wrong, Wrong! The only people who only use 10% of their brain are the people who made up this myth. In many cases, it is hard to believe that some people are even using 10% of their brain. However, scientifically speaking, this is not true. Hi-tech studies have proven this. What may be true is that only 10% - or a figure around this - would be used at any one time, but all of the brain is used for different things at different times.
No it doesn’t! Although it sounds about right, eating fat has nothing to do with your weight. There are good fats and bad fats. Good fats - monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats lower cholestrol, and actually have been proven to help lose body weight. Bad fats - saturated fats - increase cholestrol levels which can block arteries, higher blood pressure, and even lead to impotence. But it does not increase weight. This is all determined to the amount of energy - in terms of calories (Kcal). Unburned calories are turned into fat (body fat) which then in turn increases weight. Another myth is that high cholestrol is inevitable as you grow older. This is also untrue.
Firstly, and somewhat dully, we have nothing to worry about when it comes to losing your eyes in a sneezing fit. The truth is our eye balls are fixed tightly to our head, and so aren’t likely to go anywhere, regardless. Another reassuring fact for those who are genuinely worried is that a reflex motion in our eyes makes it impossible to sneeze with our eyes open anyway. So thats all cleared up then….
So there you go. 10 myths about life, either proven, or dispelled. Stay tuned for part two of this guide. If there are any myths you would like me to dispel or prove, please leave a comment and I will add it to my next article - “10 common myths about life (Part Two)
Meanwhile check out my other articles -
* * *
Who was the best test batsman of all time? - http://sportales.com/cricket/best-test-batsmen-of-all-time/
Which is the best lottery game to play? Is there any skill involved at all? -
http://quazen.com/games/gambling/which-is-the-best-lottery-game-to-play-is-there-any-skill-at-all-involved/Premier League Statistics. The guide to win every sports pub quiz! - http://sportales.com/soccer/premier-league-statistics-you-never-needed-to-know-and-never-cared-that-existed/
________________________________________________________________________________________
By: IEF.,
on 5/7/2009
.jpg)
Published in the Dutch newspaper Het Parool. Click for more of me or mine!
By: Cat,
on 2/2/2009
By: Charles Hodgson,
on 11/20/2008
iTunes users can subscribe to this podcast 
I have been told by one person with lots of post graduate education that PhD stands for “pig-headed determination.”
Another less charitable soul explained it as “piled higher and deeper.”
In truth PhD is the abbreviation of Philosophiae Doctor, which is the Latin for “Doctor of Philosophy.”
These degrees are the highest that are awarded by universities and originally the title was given because once a candidate had achieved this level he—and back in the 1300s it was always he—was qualified to teach.
In fact at first doctor meant “teacher.”
The root of the word doctor is from the Latin word docere, meaning “to teach” and also unexpectedly shows up in the roots of the word docile because someone who is docile is easy to teach, and also the word document, which was originally the thing from which you took information that was to be taught.
Some sources point to an Indo-European root dek meaning “to take” or “to accept.”
The sense as it moved from accepting to teaching was that a teacher caused one to accept information.
Right from the entry of the word doctor into English in it also referred to physicians. So there has always been that mild confusion as to whether someone with the title doctor actually has patients.
Although the verb to doctor must have originated with a sense that a doctor changes things for the better, the sense of doctoring things for the worse emerged first in the written record. A meaning of “patch up” and “set to rights” isn’t seen before 1829 but doctoring wine shows up in 1820. Altering someone’s appearance “doctoring his face” comes through 1774.
Like doctor the word physician came to English with the French of the Norman Conquest and so had to wait until after 700 or 800 years ago before being called an English word.
Skilled medical personnel before that were known as leeches in Old English.
By: Rebecca,
on 6/25/2007
Rebecca OUP-US
Scleroderma is a rare chronic disease that manifests in many parts of the body making treatment particuarly difficult. Below, Maureen D. Mayes, M.D., author of The Scleroderma Book: A Guide For Patients and Families advises patients on how to navigate towards health while coordinating so many doctors. June is National Scleroderma Awareness Month, to get involved visit the foundation’s website.
By: Randy Hill,
on 3/7/2007
brilliant contribution! and such a good story behind the artwork...beautiful x
thank you so much lucy! he is the very best of the best! i can't say enough about this man...
xxx