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Blog: Mayra's Secret Bookcase (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: Picture book, school, education, parenting, frog, writing for children, early reader, kids health, eyeglasses, Add a tag
Blog: the enchanted easel (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: children's art, frog, whimsical, pirate, the enchanted easel, digital prints, pocket protector, ahoy mate, boys room, boys wall art, boy, Add a tag
Blog: the enchanted easel (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: boy, frog, etsy, sale, kawaii, print, whimsical, cookie, commission, original painting, the enchanted easel, december discount days, pocket protector, Add a tag
Blog: drawboy's cigar box (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: illustration friday, turtle, frog, fish, swamp, Patrick Girouard, airborne, animal gas, ballinger, breadwig, Add a tag
Blog: drawboy's cigar box (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: alien, neighbors, porch, Patrick Girouard, boy, pet, baseball, illustration friday, frog, robot, Add a tag
Blog: the enchanted easel (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: friendship, boy, art, acrylic, children's art, frog, kawaii, canvas, whimsical, cookie, commission, original painting, nursery art, overalls, the enchanted easel, Add a tag
"pocket protector" ©the enchanted easel 2015 8x10 acrylic on canvas |
Blog: the enchanted easel (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: the enchanted easel, pond life, custom painting, boy, art, painting, acrylic, frog, wip, kawaii, canvas, whimsical, cookie, commission, Add a tag
©the enchanted easel 2015 |
©the enchanted easel 2015 |
Blog: the enchanted easel (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: boy, painting, acrylic, frog, wip, kawaii, canvas, whimsical, commission, cattails, the enchanted easel, pond life, Add a tag
©the enchanted easel 2015 |
Blog: the enchanted easel (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: girl, boy, art, sketch, children's art, frog, wip, kawaii, mechanical pencil, whimsical, cookie, commission, lily, the enchanted easel, longwood gardens, Add a tag
©the enchanted easel 2015 |
©the enchanted easel 2015 |
Blog: Inkygirl: Daily Diversions For Writers (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: fairy tale, princess, frog, contract, Comics for writers, Add a tag
Blog: Whateverings (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: rhinoceros, cute, comics, animals, cartoon, General Illustration, frog, elephant, children's illustration, Samples, Illustration For Kids, paula j. becker, penguin, paula becker, rhino, lion, duck, Cartoons & Comics, Add a tag
Something on the drawing board. It’s fun to take a pic and distort it!
Blog: OUPblog (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: Journals, frog, frogs, biology, microbes, pathogens, amphibians, amphibian, *Featured, oxford journals, Science & Medicine, life sciences, Earth & Life Sciences, conservation physiology, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, chytridiomycosis, green tree frog, rebecca cramp, why do frogs slough their skin, sloughing, cutaneous, sloughs, commensal, Add a tag
By Rebecca Cramp
In recent decades, the extraordinarily rapid disappearance of frogs, toads, and salamanders has grabbed the attention of both the scientific community and concerned citizens the world over. Although the causes of some of these losses remain unresolved, the novel disease chytridiomycosis caused by the skin-based fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been identified as the causative agent in many of the declines and extinctions worldwide. Bd is now regarded as being responsible for the greatest disease-driven loss of vertebrate biodiversity in recorded history. Like other entirely cutaneous microbes, interactions with the skin of its host determine how and under what conditions the fungus can induce disease.
The skin plays an important role in immune defence. In the first instance, skin acts as a physical barrier against microbes and pathogens. It also produces anti-microbial skin secretions and supports a large microbial community made up of good (commensal), bad (pathogenic) and indifferent (neither good nor bad; having no discernable effect) microbes. Like most animals, the outer skin layer of amphibians is shed (sloughed) on a regular basis—as often as daily to every couple of weeks. However, unlike mammals, amphibians shed (and often eat) the entire outer skin layer in one piece. Therefore, anything adhering to or within that outer layer would be lost from the body every time the animal sloughs it skin. As such, regular sloughing could play a role in regulating the abundance and persistence of microbes (including Bd) at the body’s surface. To date, however, the potential for regular skin sloughing to serve as an immune defense strategy in amphibians has been largely overlooked.
To test the hypothesis that sloughing in plays a role in the management of cutaneous microbe abundance, we investigated changes in the number of cultivable cutaneous bacteria on the ventral and dorsal body surfaces of the Green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) with sloughing. Effects of temperature on sloughing periodicity were also investigated in order to determine how the efficacy of sloughing in regulating microbial infection might vary with climate and season. Our study showed that sloughing massively reduced the overall abundance of bacteria, in some cases by as much as 100%. In addition, temperature had a marked effect on sloughing periodicity, with animals in cooler temperatures having a much longer time between sloughs compared with animals at held higher temperatures.
Most importantly however, we found that the extended time between sloughs in animals in the cold treatments allowed skin microbe numbers to increase to levels in excess of those seen in animals in the warm treatment. These data suggest that for pathogens that like relatively cooler conditions (like Bd), the effect of temperature on host sloughing frequency may allow pathogen numbers to build up to such a degree that fatal disease occurs.
What does it all mean, though? Firstly, the epidemiology of skin based diseases like Bd could be in part attributed to the effects of temperature on host sloughing periodicity particularly when disease outbreaks occur in cool habitats and/or at cooler times of year. Secondly, differences between species in the frequency of sloughing could influence pathogen establishment and go some way to explaining why some amphibian species are more resistant to cutaneous pathogens than others. Thirdly, the ability of commensal (good) bacteria to protect against pathogens may be reduced in frog species which slough frequently as commensal bacteria would also be lost from the skin with sloughing, unless they are able to recolonise the skin rapidly.
Understanding the role the skin plays as the first bastion of defense against external pathogens is vitally important as the rate of emergence of both novel and pre-existing infectious diseases is predicted to skyrocket in the future as a result of anthropogenic climate change.
Dr Rebecca Cramp is a Research Officer at The University of Queensland in the laboratory of Professor Craig Franklin. Rebecca has diverse research interests and is currently working on several projects including a study of disease susceptibility in frogs, the control of ion regulation in acid-tolerant amphibian larvae and the effects of environmental stressors on immune function in amphibian larvae. She is a co-author of the paper ‘First line of defence: the role of sloughing in the regulation of cutaneous microbes in frogs‘, which appears in the journal Conservation Physiology.
Conservation Physiology is an online only, fully open access journal published on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. Biodiversity across the globe faces a growing number of threats associated with human activities. Conservation Physiology publishes research on all taxa (microbes, plants and animals) focused on understanding and predicting how organisms, populations, ecosystems and natural resources respond to environmental change and stressors. Physiology is considered in the broadest possible terms to include functional and mechanistic responses at all scales.
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Image credit: A green tree frog. Photo by Ed Meyer. Do not reproduce without permission.
The post Why do frogs slough their skin? appeared first on OUPblog.
Blog: the dust of everyday life (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: frog, bear, bug, Amy Huntington, Add a tag
Amy Huntington -
"Are there bears?" asked June Bug.
Blog: sketched out (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: illustration, christmas, drawing, humor, sketch, frog, children's illustration, doodle, holiday, sketchbook, sketching, draw, pun, mistletoe, puns, Christmassy, HoHoDooDa, Holiday Doodle a Day, HoHoDooDa (Holiday Doodle a Day), HoHoDooDa 2013, mistle-toad, Add a tag
Undaunted by his recent breakup, Murgatroyd continues to troll for love.
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Murgatroyd and myself wish y’all a Merry Kissmas! Also a Happy Egg Snog (for our friends in the UK!)
Ok now, if you can tear yourself away from these groan-worthy puns, come on over here to see what my fellow HoHoDooDa doodlers are doing.
Blog: Aris blog (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: children, illustration, girl, frog, watercolor, moon, stars, sky, moscow, kreml, Add a tag
Blog: Aris blog (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: illustration, frog, watercolor, Add a tag
Blog: Colorfly Studio (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: frog, cut paper, children book, jennifer dedonato, colorfly studio, Add a tag
Blog: Fantastical Childrens Books (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: Outdoors, Frog, Wildlife, Plant, Recreation, Four-leaf clover, Add a tag
Well, luck takes many forms this week! First it came as a four leaf clover–discovered next to some poison ivy, …
Blog: Fantastical Childrens Books (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: Outdoors, Frog, Wildlife, Plant, Recreation, Four-leaf clover, Add a tag
Well, luck takes many forms this week! First it came as a four leaf clover–discovered next to some poison ivy, …
Blog: Hazel Mitchell (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: sketch for today, adventure, sketch, frog, children's illustration, children's illustrator, mountains, digital sketch, Hazel Mitchell, Add a tag
Blog: A Mouse in the House (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: frog, children's illustration, digital art, roberta baird, artwork, houston, a mouse in the house, jump, frog prince, children's book art, leap frog, www.robertabaird.com, illustration, Illustration Friday, animals, IF, Add a tag
Playing Royal Leap Frog was always a little traumatic for the other players. Artemis Amphibia, an avid Mel Brooks fan, simply shrugged and said…
“It’s good to the King!”
Blog: The Art of Phyllis Hornung Peacock (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: reeds, illustration, picture book, turtle, frog, pond, dragonfly, children's book, fish, tortoise, whimsical, swamp, bayou, toad, wetlands, lilypad, Add a tag
I'd never realized before that swamps seem to be one of my favorite settings for paintings until I started thinking about today's Illustration Friday topic. I discovered I have a number of paintings set in the swamp, so I thought I'd cheat a little bit and drag another one out from the archives. If you've been to my website, then you've probably already seen this and if you haven't, then it'll be brand new to you!
This painting is available as a print on my Etsy shop.
This topic seems unusually appropriate to me since only just a couple weeks ago we visited the Heard Natural Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary where there's a beautiful wetlands trail:
I'm glad I found some local inspiration for future set-in-the-swamp paintings!
Blog: Ginger Pixels (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: big bug, illustration friday, frog, Ginger Nielson, swamp, Add a tag
Blog: The Art of Phyllis Hornung Peacock (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: toad, amphibian, bathe, women, fairy, fantasy, frog, fairytale, nude, faerie, Add a tag
A fairly quick painting from a recent dream:
For sale here at my Etsy shop.
Blog: Brooklyn Arden (Login to Add to MyJacketFlap)
JacketFlap tags: Travel, Fun, Diary, HP, Frog, Add a tag
On Tuesday I'm going down to Florida for LeakyCon 2011, and I am PSYCHED . . . to speak at Lit Day, to see the Wizarding World theme park for the first time, to party with Harry Potter fans, and because my hotel has a croquet court! (For the reason I'm obsessed with croquet, hit the "Frog" label on the right.) This obviously requires a game of Quidditch Croquet, which in turn requires the establishment of rules for Quidditch Croquet; and I propose the following for discussion/comment:
- Play shall generally proceed as in a standard croquet game, with the wickets in a figure-eight configuration, and in order of the colors on the post; but with the following exceptions:
- The black ball shall be the Bludger, and the yellow ball shall be the Snitch.
- Neither the Bludger nor the Snitch can play until all other balls have passed through the opening two wickets.
- -- The Snitch shall go first, and the Bludger second.
- -- They should both start at the opposite post from the rest of the players.
- The Bludger does not have to follow the standard course and try to go through wickets, but rather should spend its time trying to knock all the other balls (besides the Snitch) as far off course as possible.
- -- If the Bludger touches another ball (a roquet), it gets only one additional hit, instead of the standard two.
- ---- If necessary, an additional limitation can be imposed on the Bludger, that the player controlling it must play one-handed and/or with his/her less dominant hand.)
- -- If another ball (besides the Snitch) touches the Bludger, it gets three additional hits, instead of the standard two.
- The Snitch also does not have to follow the standard course and try to go through wickets, but rather should travel consistently up and down the midline of the course, from post to post through the center wicket.
- The Snitch does not want to strike or be struck by the other balls.
- -- If another ball (besides the Bludger) touches the Snitch, it gets four additional hits, instead of the standard two.
- -- The Bludger is not allowed to hit the Snitch, and if it does, its turn is over and it misses its next turn.
- The game concludes when a player successfully completes the course, passing through all nine wickets and touching both posts (the opening post twice, at the beginning and end);
- -- OR when the Bludger has knocked into all the active balls (besides the Snitch) twice (a scorecard may be useful here) and reached the closing post before anyone else;
- -- OR when the Snitch has successfully completed thirteen post-to-post-through-the-center-wicket crossings of the court, including at least three where it was not struck by any other ball (ditto on the scorecard), and reached the closing post before anyone else.
Thoughts? Suggestions? And if you're going to LeakyCon -- who's in?
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“Jus’ gimme a kiss!”
This is so friggin’ cute!
Mistle Toad indeed! Love it!
LOL! I love it.
Thanks Madre!
Thanks Vick!
Hee hee, Julie. I love your captions!
Thanks Meg!
As I scrolled down I was wondering what pun this one was going to be. You got me good, great twist. Big smoochie